TUESDAY - Recent Advances in Biological Aerosol Research ~ Sergey A. Grinshpun
WEDNESDAY - AEESP Lecture - Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation through
Aqueous Photochemistry ~ Barbara J. Turpin
THURSDAY - Friedlander Lecture - Environmental, Health and Safety
Studies of Nanoparticles ~ David Y.H. Pui
FRIDAY - Aerosol Contribution to Global Warming, Arctic Ice Loss, and Air Pollution Mortality
and How to Control it through Large-scale Renewable Energy ~ Mark Z. Jacobson
TUESDAY, OCTOBER 26
8:00 AM – 9:15 AM
Recent Advances in Biological Aerosol Research
Sergey A. Grinshpun, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
Bioaerosol particles, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, pollen, plant or animal debris, as well as their fragments and products, cover a broad spectrum of particle sizes – from several nanometers to about 100 µm. Bioaerosol research is an increasingly visible area that combines several disciplines such as aerosol physics, microbiology and molecular biology, environmental science, occupational and public health, and others. Based on the knowledge about physical, chemical and biological properties of bioaerosol particles gained primarily over the past three decades, meaningful associations were identified between these properties and human health effects. This drew considerable attention of the international scientific community to various issues related to the nature and effects of bioaerosols, which helped produce numerous methods for assessment and characterization of particles of biological origin. Further rapid developments in bioaerosol research during the recent years have enhanced areas such as indoor air quality control, respiratory protection, investigation of transmission of emerging diseases, as well as biodefense and counterterrorism research. This lecture will review the following topics:
Sergey A. Grinshpun (PhD in physics from Odessa University in Ukraine, 1987) is professor of environmental health and director of the Center for Health-Related Aerosol Studies of the University of Cincinnati. His academic interests cover measurement, characterization, aerosolization and transport of aerosol particles with a focus on biological aerosols, including airborne viruses, bacteria, fungi, and pollen. During the last 20 years, he has also contributed in exposure assessment, indoor air purification and respiratory protection studies. Dr. Grinshpun has authored about 490 scientific publications (of which almost half are original articles in major peer-reviewed journals and book chapters) and presented over 50 invited lectures in North and South America, Europe, Asia and Australia. He has mentored 30+ graduate students and 20+ postdoctoral fellows/visiting scholars from 14 countries worldwide. His research accomplishments were recognized through twelve awards from national and international associations and agencies, including the 1996 International Smoluchowski Award.
WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 27
8:00 AM – 9:15 AM
AEESP Lecture - Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation through Aqueous Photochemistry
Barbara J. Turpin, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
The generally poor understanding of the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) continues to be a major source of uncertainty in predictions of atmospheric aerosol concentrations and properties that affect climate, visibility and health. It is well accepted that SOA forms through the partitioning of semi-volatile products of gas-phase photochemical reactions involving volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and atmospheric oxidants. Partitioning theory coupled with smog chamber experiments provide the fundamental data underlying SOA modeling. While clearly important, partitioning theory fails to adequately explain several key atmospheric observations. Models including SOA formation from smog chamber studies fail, in many cases, to reproduce the magnitude, distribution and dynamics of measured organic aerosol concentrations. The oxygen-to-carbon ratio (O/C) of aged ambient organic aerosol is larger than that of smog chamber SOA. In some locations SOA surrogates are more strongly correlated with liquid water than with particulate organic matter concentrations, as expected based on gas-particle partitioning theory. In this presentation I examine evidence that these observations can be explained, at least in part, by multiphase SOA formation involving aqueous reactions in clouds, fogs and wet aerosols. I provide an overview of the variety of experimental methods that are being used to study the chemistry and physics of “aqueous” SOA formation, and I identify some important unresolved questions. While uncertainties are large, some modeling studies predict that SOA formed through aqueous chemistry is comparable in magnitude to that formed through gas phase reaction and partitioning to particulate organic matter. The large predicted impact of this process, coupled with correspondingly large uncertainties, makes this topic ripe with opportunities for transformative research.
Barbara J. Turpin is a professor of environmental science at Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ. She obtained a BS at the California Institute of Technology and a PhD from the Oregon Graduate Institute. She joined the faculty of Rutgers University in 1994. Professor Turpin’s research focuses on the formation and properties of organic aerosol and on human exposure to particulate matter. She is an author of over 80 peer-reviewed publications, including nine with over 100 citations. Her 1987 semi-continuous automated aerosol carbon measurements provided early atmospheric evidence that SOA was responsible for a majority of the organic aerosol during Los Angeles photochemical smog episodes. Other publications investigate organic aerosol sampling artifacts and characterize organic aerosol by polarity and O/C ratio. Her year 2000 paper, “Measuring and Simulating Particulate Organics in the Atmosphere: Problems and Prospects,” was the recipient of the 2009 Haagen Smit Prize. Professor Turpin’s group was the first to propose that SOA forms through aqueous reactions (Blando, 2000). Professor Turpin has been a member of AAAR since 1990; she has served as conference chair, on the Board of Directors, on the AST Editorial Advisory Board, and as the editor of Particulars.
THURSDAY, OCTOBER 28
8:00 AM - 9:20 AM
Friedlander Lecture - Environmental, Health and Safety Studies of Nanoparticles
David Y.H. Pui, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
Engineered nanomaterials/nanoparticles have been produced at a rapid pace in recent years. There is increasing concern with the occupational health and safety of nanoparticles in the workplace. Another concern deals with the implications of nanoparticles, when discharged in the waste stream, on the environment and living systems. Ultimately, consumer acceptance of nano-products will depend on the Nanoparticle Environmental, Health and Safety (Nano-EHS) studies. We will present Nano-EHS research performed at the Particle Technology Laboratory, University of Minnesota, consisting of three parts, namely, physico-chemical characterization, exposure and toxicity, and abatement by filtration. We have developed a Universal Nanoparticle Analyzer to measure in real-time the primary size, morphology, and agglomerate size, surface and volume distributions. Field measurements were performed at two nano-manufacturing facilities to assess workers’ exposure to the released nanoparticles. In-vivo animal studies were performed to evaluate the toxicity of carbon nanotubes under realistic exposure conditions. Filtration is one of the principal means to mitigate workers’ exposure to the accidental release of nanoparticles. Integrative approach is used, which combines knowledge from several interdisciplinary fields for filtration research. We will present several topics of nanoscale filtration performed in our Center for Filtration Research. These include the filtration efficiency and loading of nanoparticle agglomerates and carbon nanotubes, the performance of the nanofiber composite filter and integrated VOC/particulate filter, and the respirator performance for bioaerosol filtration.
David Y. H. Pui, a Distinguished McKnight University Professor, is the L.M. Fingerson/TSI Inc Chair in Mechanical Engineering and the director of the Particle Technology Laboratory and of the Center for Filtration Research, University of Minnesota. He has a broad range of research experience in aerosol science and technology and has over 200 journal papers and 17 patents. He has developed/co-developed several widely used commercial aerosol instruments. He organized several successful international nanoparticle symposia to promote research cooperation especially among young scientists. Dr. Pui is a fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and a fellow of the American Association for Aerosol Research (AAAR), and is a recipient of the Smoluchowski Award (1992), the Max Planck Research Award (1993), the International Aerosol Fellow Award (1998), the Humboldt Research Award for Senior U.S. Scientists (2000), and the David Sinclair Award (2002). He is currently serving as the President of the International Aerosol Research Assembly (IARA) consisting of 13 international aerosol associations.
FRIDAY, OCTOBER 29
8:00 AM - 9:15 AM
Aerosol Contribution to Global Warming, Arctic Ice Loss, and Air Pollution Mortality and How to Control it through Large-scale Renewable Energy
Mark Z. Jacobson, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
Aerosol pollution mortality and global warming are two of the most significant social, environmental, and political problems today. Over 2.5 million people die prematurely each year worldwide from air pollution, mostly from aerosol particles. Nine out of the 10 warmest years on record since 1850 were during 2000-2009. The Arctic sea ice extent has dropped 10% (1 million square kilometers) since 1979. Sea levels have risen 1.8 mm/year for the past century but 2.8 mm/year from 1993-2003. In this talk, I discuss the relative contributors to global warming and air pollution health problems. Of note, fossil-fuel and solid biofuel soot particles may be the second leading cause of global warming after carbon dioxide. Whereas fossil-fuel soot is a stronger warmer than biofuel soot, biofuel soot may enhance mortality about eight times more on a global scale, since it is emitted mostly in highly populated developing countries. Controlling fossil-fuel and biofuel soot may be the fastest method of reducing Arctic ice loss and global warming than any other control option, including control of CH4 or CO2, although all controls are needed. Aside from using particle traps to reduce soot, a method of eliminating global warming and air pollution is to convert the world's energy systems to wind, water, and solar (WWS) power. In the remainder of the talk, I review and rank major proposed energy solutions to global warming, air pollution, and energy security while considering other impacts, such as on water supply, land use, resource availability, and reliability. I then evaluate a scenario for powering the world on the best WWS options available while considering materials, costs, and politics.
Mark Jacobson is director of the Atmosphere/Energy Program and professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University. He is also professor of energy resources engineering, by courtesy, senior fellow of the Woods Institute for the Environment, and senior fellow of the Precourt Institute for Energy. He received a BS in civil engineering with distinction, an AB in economics with distinction, and an MS in environmental engineering from Stanford University in 1988. He received an MS in atmospheric sciences in 1991 and a PhD in atmospheric sciences in 1994 from UCLA. He has been on the faculty at Stanford since 1994. His work relates to the development and application of numerical models, particularly aerosol, cloud, and gas algorithms, to understand better the effects of energy systems and vehicles on climate and air pollution and the analysis of renewable energy resources. He has published two textbooks and nearly 100 peer-reviewed scientific journal articles. He received the 2005 American Meteorological Society Henry G. Houghton Award for "significant contributions to modeling aerosol chemistry and to understanding the role of soot and other carbon particles on climate." In 2005, his group developed the first wind map of the world from data alone at the height of modern turbines. His paper, "Review of solutions to global warming, air pollution, and energy security" was the top-accessed article in Energy and Environmental Sciences in March 2009, and his paper, "Influence of future anthropogenic emissions on climate, natural emissions, and air quality," was the top-accessed article in all Journal of Geophysical Research journals in May 2009. He recently co-authored a cover article in Scientific American with Dr. Mark DeLucchi of UC Davis on how to power the world with renewable energy.